The main purpose of this qualitative research was to design an export marketing strategy model for tea products to target markets. The statistical population was composed of all experts in the field of this research topic (N = 332). The sample size was determined as equal to the statistical population. Second-hand data used for data collection and a semi-structured interview was used as the research instrument. Five series of interviews were conducted with the experts. In order to identify the status of tea export, the first interview was done with tea exporters during 2016 (87 people were interviewed). The second round of interviews was done with factory holders to investigate the status of green tea leaf and dry tea as well as the respective model (170 companies were interviewed). In the third step, the experts and practitioners (50 people) were interviewed to provide the research model. The fourth round of interviews was carried out with 10 experts of the tea research center and organization to examine the status of tea gardens, green tea, and dry tea production and the main model. Finally, some Iranian business and economic advisers were interviewed in the fifth step. The results showed that direct export-business partner was the most suitable method to enter the target markets. Participation in relevant fairs in the target country and invitation and presence of traders of target markets in Iran were determined as the most appropriate method for market penetration and development strategy. Low price with more discounts was seen as a more suitable pricing strategy. Top quality and top packaging were selected as the best methods regarding product strategy. The selection of top distributors in each country and chain stores were determined for the product distribution. Using the brand of target market, digital marketing, fair, and social networks were recognized as a more suitable promotion strategy. Gardener and factory holder cooperation, agricultural improvement of tea gardens, promoting the quality of green leaf of tea, and using modern types of machinery for cultivation and harvesting in production strategy were the most important production strategy. In addition, differentiation through special taste and smell of Iranian tea, high quality, and attractive packaging design and type were recognized as the best differentiation strategy.

Several theoretical models for description of the injection locking lasers are presented by previous investigators. Nearly in all of these theories, the temporal and spatial variations of gain of the active medium is neglected. In these theories there levant difference equation of the boundary condition of the input mirror is approximated by an ordinary differential equation and solved. In this paper a classical model for the behavior of the active medium is presented and the governing equations are solved. The time variation of the output power for the injection frequencies are calculated. The results for several detuning angels are presented in this paper, the results are in good-agreement with the previous published data.

Today, international relations have greatly influenced the trade relations between countries. In the context of relations and negotiations between governments, economic issues, in particular trade, are of great significance. As developed countries have succeeded sustaining economic growth through the trade export development strategy. In this regard, the export of agricultural products can contribute to the country's sustainable development and reduction of oil reliance. Among the agricultural products produced in Iran, tea was also a strategic product that Iran has been able to gain from the foreign market in recent years.; However, by adopting appropriate marketing strategies, international market share and foreign currency earnings can be achieved. To this end, the effect of marketing strategies on the export function of tea was considered as a goal. research is applied and in terms of data collection is a survey-correlation type. To collect the data, the questionnaires were distributed through a targeted quota sampling among experts of the public and private sectors of the tea industry, and for testing the model, a path analysis using Amos software was used. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fitting indices of the models were acceptable and all the hypotheses were confirmed by path analysis. Therefore, for the comprehensive and sustainable development of exports, one must include strategies (based on the best path) for market penetration and development (attending related exhibitions in the target country and inviting and targeting merchants), entering the foreign market (Direct export-business partner), pricing, promotion, product differentiation and distribution.

Aim and introduction:  Tea, following water, is the most popular beverage worldwide and holds significant strategic importance in the commercial sector of our country, akin to pistachios, saffron, dates, and other agricultural products. In addition to its high demand and consumption, the production, processing, and trade of tea involve various factors, including production technology and policy-making. Agricultural products, including tea, have the potential to make substantial contributions to the country's non-oil exports. Despite Iran being among the top ten major tea producers, it has unfortunately not secured a competitive position in the global market, capturing less than 5 percent of the market share. Currently, due to ineffective and unprofessional marketing of agricultural products, including tea, most profits from product sales are siphoned off by intermediaries and profit-seekers. This misguided approach directly and indirectly undermines the welfare and economic stability of tea farmers and producers. The present study aims to first identify the barriers and challenges facing the Iranian tea market and, subsequently, to provide a model for problem-solving and market development by identifying strategies, obstacles, and accelerators.Methodology: The present study is a qualitative research project based on interviews with 15 experts and practitioners in the tea industry in Gilan Province. The selection of interviewees was conducted using a purposive sampling method. Criteria for selecting individuals included possessing expertise and relevant experience in the tea industry, as well as in its distribution and sales in both domestic and international markets. The number of interviewees was determined based on the principle of saturation, which means that interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved; this occurred after the twelfth interview. It is important to note that interviews continued up to the fifteenth participant to further ensure the non-repetitiveness of the topics discussed. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured format, and the content was subsequently analyzed by the researchers for coding purposes. In the initial stage of open coding, a total of 157 codes were extracted from the 15 interviews. By analyzing these codes and examining their formal and conceptual repetitions, a final set of 70 codes was identified.Finding: The research findings revealed that the model developed from this study comprises five main categories: 1) Problems and challenges, 2) Fundamental and essential factors contributing to these problems and challenges, 3) Actions and operations, 4) Catalytic and supportive factors, and 5) Expected outcomes of implementing actions. The problems and challenges can be further classified into three overarching themes: branding-related issues, marketing and advertising issues, and production and product quality issues. The data coding findings indicate that the fundamental and essential factors leading to these problems and challenges can be grouped into four general themes: environmental factors, supply and demand, marketing and commercial contexts, and policy and policymaking. In terms of actions and operations, four primary categories were identified: marketing and branding operations, quality improvement initiatives, measures to enhance operational efficiency, and supportive policy governance, with the latter recognized as the sole catalytic factor. Regarding the expected outcomes of implementing actions, three main outcomes were identified: market development and sales, national production development, and economic growth and development. Each of these main categories is further divided into several subcategories, resulting in a total of 69 subcategories.Discussion and conclusion: Improper marketing practices stemming from a limited understanding of the target market, a lack of knowledge in effective advertising strategies, insufficient promotion of Iranian tea, excessive promotion of foreign teas, weak brand development for domestic tea, and an inability to meet consumer needs and demands have been identified as significant issues in marketing, branding, and advertising. Furthermore, irregular imports of foreign tea, inappropriate pricing of Iranian tea in comparison to foreign alternatives, market price instability, an overabundance of intermediaries, inadequate market facilitation structures, and the absence of a specialized market have been recognized as underlying factors contributing to the challenges in the marketing and commercial sectors. By implementing strategies such as developing new markets, enhancing advertising, and advancing brand development, it is possible to attract more domestic and international customers. This approach can increase the market share and sales volume of Iranian tea products by improving their quality. Furthermore, implementing solutions such as increasing productivity, reducing production costs, enhancing product quality, and establishing a strong national brand can significantly contribute to the development of the tea industry in terms of domestic production. Creating favorable conditions for investment in tea-producing regions, generating indirect employment within the tea value chain, and developing high-value-added tea exports have the potential to significantly contribute to economic development and growth.

Purpose: Due to the great damage that Corona has inflicted on the tourism industry, neglecting the future of tourism marketing can pose a serious challenge to this industry and economy and have irreparable consequences. The purpose of this study is to identify key factors, drivers and future scenarios of the tourism marketing.Method: The present study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of methodology. The method of this research is scenario writing using MicMac software to identify key drivers and scenarios with Wizard scenario software.Findings: First, the future trends and meta-trends of post-corona tourism marketing were identified, of which 41 key trends and 8 meta-trends were identified. According to experts, 19 key factors in the future of tourism marketing in post- corona were identified using the cross-impact analysis and questionnaire completion. Then, using the cross-impact analysis questionnaire and with the help of the Wizard scenario software, two groups of favorable and unfavorable scenarios were identified.Conclusion: Based on the research results, there are two favorable scenarios and two unfavorable scenarios that can help marketing and tourism policy-makers and decision-makers to take into account the effective factors and scenarios proposed for proper planning of industry in the post-Corona era.

Introduction: Hemophilia is one of the most important coagulation disorders. At the present time the current treatment is factor replacement which may lead to many socio-economic problems and also transmission of some viral infections. In this study we evaluate an alternative treatment to factor replacement to decrease the aforementioned problems. Material and Methods: This was an interventional study and the statistical population included all Hemophilia patients that referred to Besat Hospital. They were randomly divided into two groups: an intervention group of 13 patients and a control group of 15 patients. Tranexamic acid was only used for the intervention group (15 patients). Then the data was assessed by spss win software. Results: In the intervention group bleeding episodes were reduced significantly (from 4.07 episodes per month to 3 episodes per month) and so was the need for factor replacement (from 80.1 u/kg/m to 58.7 u/kg/m). In the control group bleeding episodes and the need for factor replacement did not differ prior to and during the study. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that daily prophylactic use of TEA is effective in reducing bleeding episodes and decreasing the need for factor replacement in hemophilia patients. However, due to increased PTT and decreased serum clotting factors in patients, the risk of life threatening bleeding is likely to be high. Thus we don’t recommend the use of TEA as a prophylactic measure in hemophilia.  

In this research, temporal variations in intense TEA CO2 laser pulses passing through SF6 gas-filled cells with a pressure of 10- 150 mbar have been characterized at different energy fluences and gas pressures. It has been shown that for every fluence there is a certain cut-off pressure at which the pulse spike is completely quenched. While the pulse tail escapes, saving appreciable fractions of its initial energy. Experimental evidence along with FTIR spectrometry data have clearly revealed incisive laser-induced multi-photon dissociation of SF6 molecules in these conditions, pronounced as the main responsible for these behaviors.